Twilight Zone 1-10 writers

This list indexes the writers of the first ten Gold Key issues of The Twilight Zone. There were four earlier issues, which I've yet to see, published by Dell in 1961-62; Gold Key restarted the numbering with #1.

Those cited by the Who's Who as writing mystery stories in the early Sixties for Western (which would include the Dell TZs, then Boris Karloff as well as TZ, at Gold Key) include Leo Cheney, Royal Cole, and Marshall McClintock. There are no specific stories they're known to have done, so I can't match up the unknown writers' styles with particular authors.

Technically one story in each issue is not a Twilight Zone; there's no logo, no appearance by Rod Serling, and the copyright owner is Western rather than the TV production company, Cayuga.

A stat of Rod Serling's head was used in any number of stories beginning with the third issue. Above, on the left, is the head's first appearance, in a Mike Sekowsky story—and I don't think the head itself is by Sekowsky—then, on the right, it's definitely a stat in an Alex Toth story. Below are two examples from Frank Thorne stories; in earlier ones, he got to draw Serling.

The art attributions are on the Grand Comics Database.

The Twilight Zone Writers

Nov/62	#1	Perilous Journey	"TZ 1"
		Do Not Touch Exhibit	"TZ 1"
		Voyage to Nowhere	Leo Dorfman
Feb/63	#2	The Lost Colonie	"TZ 2"
		Journey into Jeopardy	Dorfman
		The Ray of Phobos	Dorfman
May/63	#3	The Last Battle	"TZ 2"
		Birds of a Feather	"TZ 2"
		The Queen Is Dead—Long Live the Queen	"TZ 2"
Aug/63	#4	The Secret of the Key	"TZ 2"
		Experiment in Purple	"TZ 2"
		The Captive	"TZ 2"
		The Ordeal of Bluebird 3	"TZ 2"
Nov/63	#5	The Legacy of Hans Burkel	Dorfman
		Poor Little Sylvester	Dorfman
		The Shadow of Fate	Dorfman
		The Fortune Hunters	Dorfman
Feb/64	#6	Captives of the Mirage	Dick Wood
		The Night People of London	Wood
		The Last Sixty Seconds	Wood
May/64	#7	The Shield of Medusa	Wood
		The Menace from Out There	Wood
		The Man Who Haunted Himself	Wood
Aug/64	#8	Hamilton's Creature	Wood
		The Night Striker of Paris	Wood
		Iron Man No. 1	"TZ 2"
Nov/64	#9	The Street Where Evil Dwelt	Wood
		The Doom Days	?
		Creatures on Canvas	Wood
Feb/65	#10	The Bewitching Window	Wood
		Lost Acre	Wood
		The Patient Workers *	Wood
		The Demon Light	Wood
		The Mystic Book	Wood
		The Midas Wheel *	Wood
		(* single-page stories)

Woolfolk Records Update 3

The William Woolfolk script records were scanned some time ago by Marc Svensson, through the good graces of Donna Woolfolk. I've been working off the scans that Marc dug out on CD storage after some looking, and now we come to a break in that currently accessible data. My next Woolfolk post will jump ahead into his last year's worth of work in comic books, in mid-1953. I certainly wouldn't have been able to start blogging steadily this year without standing on Marc's shoulders, so to speak!

On the updates: I misread Woolfolk's Captain Marvel notation as "lonely witch" and couldn't quite fit that description to any story; darkmark pointed out that "lovely witch" would fit "World's Wickedest Witch."

darkmark supplied the publication info for the Captain Midnight stories, and he caught my mixup on the Mary Marvel story almost as soon as I posted (I had misread my own info as Marvel Family 19 when I rewrote it into my blog format). The untitled Manhunter story in Woolfolk's style that I since found in Police 52 fits on the July 1945 page; the first of the two Manhunters next written in August (Houdini under water) was published in issue 53.

In my intro to the May 1947 records I said: "Tales of Terror! by Fred von Bernewitz and Grant Geissman says of Moon Girl that 'in a 1955 interview, Bill Gaines recalled that Dorothy Rubichek wrote the earliest stories. Rubichek, incidentally, was the wife of long-time Gaines friend William Woolfolk.' (The correct spelling is Roubichek.)" Update: on the facing page in Tales of Terror! I find: "(Harry Harrison) tells how he actually wrote scripts that his wife signed and submitted to EC." So I suppose Gaines was remembering correctly who submitted the Woolfolk stories, but I have no idea why at least two writers felt they needed fronts.

July 1945

10 pg

Manhunter

[untitled] Police 52, Mar/46

August 1945

10	Manhunter	the falcons of death
		"The Vengeance" Police 56, July/46

September 1945

7	Captain Marvel	the lovely witch
		"CM and the World's Wickedest Witch" CM Advs 59, Apr/26/46

January 1946

9	Captain Midnight	stratosphere treasure hunt
		"The Stratosphere Treasure Hunt" Capt Mid 45, Oct/46

March 1946

7	Captain Midnight	sky tournament
		"The Sky Tournament" Capt Mid 53, July/47

March 1947

7	Mary Marvel	enchanted forest
6		"MM in the Enchanted Forest" MM 19, Dec/47

Tower's Peanut Butter Story Writer

In The Comic Reader 198 (Jan/82), Mike Tiefenbacher says that Ralph Reese "definitely wrote the famous 'peanut butter' Dynamo story ('Bad Day for Leonard Brown')." In Comic Interview 133 (1994), Dan Adkins mentions to Lou Mougin a "story about peanut butter or something" as being written by Reese. The Tower Comics checklist in Comic Book Artist 14 (Jan/01) credits the "Bad Day for Leonard Brown" script in Dynamo 3 to Reese.

The only problem is that the story in which Dynamo is buried in peanut butter (at a PB factory) is "Once upon a Time..."—the Weed story in Dynamo 4, drawn by Steve Ditko and Wally Wood (Chic Stone drew "Bad Day").

I had to work pretty much from scratch at identifying Ralph Reese's writing style, since I didn't know which of those two to start from; but then finding a couple of Marvel stories crediting him as writer/artist helped. (With "fooey," "h'lo," and "woops" among the expressions tying together a group of Tower stories, I found "woops" in one of Reese's Marvel stories.) The peanut butter/bad day problem solved itself when I saw that he wrote both stories, among more than twenty at Tower.

Stories in Dynamo Written by Ralph Reese

Aug/66	#1	A Day in the Life of Dynamo	Dynamo
Oct/66	#2	The Priceless Counterfeit	Dynamo
Mar/67	#3	Bad Day for Leonard Brown	Dynamo
		The Feats of Samson	Dynamo
		Honeymoon or High Noon?	Dynamo
		Weed vs. THUNDER	Weed
June/67	#4	The Secret Word Is...	Dynamo
		Dynamo's Day Off	Dynamo
		The Weakest Man in the World	Dynamo
		Once upon a Time...	Weed

Stories in THUNDER Agents Written by Reese

Oct/66	#9	Corporal Dynamo, U.S.A.	Dynamo
Nov/66	#10	Operation Armageddon	Dynamo
June/67	#13	The Black Helmet	THUNDER Agents
Sept/67	#15	Hail to the Chief	Dynamo
		Dig We Must	Weed
Oct/67	#16	Dream of Doom	Dynamo
		The End of the THUNDER Agents?	THUNDER Agents
Dec/67	#17	Return of the Hyena	Dynamo
		Weed Out West	Weed
		Put Them All Together, They Spell SPIDER	Dynamo
Sept/68	#18	Dynamo and the Amazing Mr. Mek	Dynamo
		Secret of the Abominable Snowmen	Dynamo
Nov/68	#19	Half an Hour of Power	Dynamo
		All-Girl Gang	Dynamo

These are not necessarily every story Ralph Reese wrote for Tower; I'm still looking at a few in 1966 that I haven't yet convinced myself on. ("Corporal Dynamo" and "Operation Armageddon" just squeaked onto this list; "The Hyena" in Dynamo 2 didn't.)

Reese uses the names of Wood assistants Battersby, Brand, Coleman, Pearson, and Reese for some walk-on characters.

Woolfolk Records 1947/09

Quality, Fawcett, and Timely bought William Woolfolk's scripts this month.

I can't find the Tom Mix Destry story.

UPDATE: I was misreading Woolfolk's Captain Marvel Junior notation as "plane" instead of "phone"; that the editors changed the fourth dimension to the fifth didn't make it any easier tracking down the story by search engine.

September 1947 Comic Book Scripts by William Woolfolk

11 pg	Doll Man	the Huntress
		"The Huntress" DM 17, July/48
9	Tom Mix	Destry rides again
		TM
12	Captain America	gets a new assistant
		"Golden Girl" CA 66, Apr/48
6	Ibis	versus the Minotaur
		"The Minotaur" Whiz 97, May/48
7	Captain Marvel	surrealist imp
		"The Surrealist Imp" CM Advs 84, May/48
8	Captain Marvel	man versus river
		"The Feud with the River" CM Advs 84, May/48
9	Tom Mix	horse feud
		"Tony's Feud" Wow 66, May/48
7	Sub-Mariner	Shanghai, port of mystery
		"The Pirates of the China Sea" Human Torch 29, Win/48
12	Doll Man	Silver Dollar's rise & fall
		"Silver Dollar" DM 17, July/48
9	Marvel Family	Sivana's newspaper
		"The Sivana Family Newspaper" MF 23, May/45
6	Mary Marvel	the crime wave
		"MM and the Crime Wave" MM 25, June/48
9	Captain Marvel Junior	4th dimensional phone
		"The 5th Dimensional Phone" CMJ 77, Sept/49
14	Doll Man	Doll Man's biographer
		"The Derby" DM 17, July/48
12	Human Torch	fiesta of murder
		"Carnival of Murder" Marvel Mystery 86, June/48

An Unknown THUNDER Artist

The art on "Half an Hour of Power," a Dynamo story in THUNDER Agents 19 (Nov/68), has been attributed to Dan Adkins and Wally Wood in The Comic Reader 197's Tower Comics checklist, Dec/81 (and subsequently in the Grand Comics Database); and to Wally Wood and Ralph Reese on pencils, Wood on inks, in Comic Book Artist 14's checklist, July/01. Dan Adkins verified and corrected the CBA art credits, so he evidently didn't remember working on this story and didn't see his style in it.

However, I see someone on pencils who was a Wally Wood assistant but hasn't been connected before this with the THUNDER Agents.

These pencils look like Wayne Howard's. His style shows best in these tiers from the bottom and top of successive pages, but I think I can make it out on most pages, buried under the Wood inks. Granted the division of labor at Wood's studio, I still would credit Howard as the major contributor to the pencils. Wood is known to have provided thumbnail layouts for many stories at his studio, but I don't see much on this one that I'd call his actual pencil work.

There's another story whose art the CBA checklist credits to Wood & Reese/Wood—"Return of the Hyena," a Dynamo story in TA 17 (Dec/67)—and on that one I don't see any work by Howard.

If Ralph Reese didn't pencil "Half an Hour of Power," he definitely contributed to the story; he scripted it. I'll post a list of his THUNDER scripts shortly.

Woolfolk Records 1947/08

Fawcett, EC, Quality, and Timely bought William Woolfolk's scripts this month.

The Jester sleepatorium story reuses the same general idea as the Black Hood story written in June 1945, although this story's plot is simpler. Both strips, as it happens, involve a superhero with a secret identity as a patrolman and with a superior named McGinty.

I couldn't find the Captain America meets the Dummy story. Not only was the CA death doll story cut by two pages, but in it Bucky had to be rewritten into Golden Girl (who first appears in her costumed identity in a story to be written in September 1947 by Woolfolk).

UPDATE: I'd forgotten that Moon Girl had one story in International Comics; it seems the only place this one would fit.

August 1947 Comic Book Scripts by William Woolfolk

9 pg	Captain Marvel Jr.	world's largest dog
		"The World's Largest Dog" Master 89, Mar/48
6	Moon Girl	man lives beyond death
		"Beauty and the Beast" International 6, Spr/48
11	Doll Man	suicide club
		"The Suicide Club" Feature 122, May/48
7	Captain Marvel	loses weight
		"The Streamlining of CM" CM Advs 82, Mar/48
10	Sub-Mariner	island beneath the sea
		"The Kingdom beneath the Sea" Namora 1, Aug/48
12	Captain America	dollmaker & his dolls
10		"The Enigma of the Death Doll" CA 68, Sept/48
11	Doll Man	a million dollar corpse
		"A Million Dollar Corpse" Feature 123, June/48
12	Captain America	meets the Dummy
		CA
12	Plastic Man	loses his power
		"Spadehead" PM 12, July/48
7	Captain Marvel	and the bobby-soxer
		"CM Cuts a Rug" CM Advs 83, Apr/48
7	Ibis	Charon's death boat
		"The Land of Death" Whiz 96, Apr/48
9	Captain Marvel	world of tomorrow
		"The World of Tomorrow" CM Advs 83, Apr/48
6	Jester	sleepatorium crimes
		[untitled] Smash 78, Aug/48

Early Gill at Timely? Or Too Early?

"Vanishing Oil Tank Cars" is the Human Torch story in All Select Comics 3, Spring/1944.

Compare the upper right-hand caption in the Torch section with the one in the same upper right-hand corner on this page of The Hidden Kingdom" in Charlton's Jungle Jim 24, June/1969 (art by Pat Boyette).

My instinct is to attribute the Torch story to the writer credited on the Jungle Jim one: Joe Gill. Gill is known to have worked at Marvel in the Forties and Fifties, before going to Charlton. The one thing that gives me pause is not knowing when he returned from the service. The Who's Who has him starting at Marvel around 1945, which I don't take as hard and fast, but a story published with a Spring '44 cover date would have to be written in late 1943. Does anybody know when Joe Gill got home from the Pacific?

Woolfolk Records 1947/07

William Woolfolk's publishers this month were Timely, Quality, Fawcett, and EC.

I think the Human Torch story may have been turned into one by Woolfolk himself, not the editors (although they would have been the ones cutting it to ten pages). It looks as if that happened with another here: in the notebook, the Joe Hodges story is first entered as a Doll Man, but that's crossed out and replaced with Kid Eternity. Possibly Woolfolk just absent-mindedly set down the wrong character name in both cases and caught himself only on Kid Eternity.

July 1947 Comic Book Scripts by William Woolfolk

12 pg	Sub-Mariner	lost girl pilot and Firebrand, the wrecker
		"Firebrand, the Scourge of the Pacific" S-M 25, Spr/48
12	Kid Eternity	Joe Hodges' last news story
		"The Beagle" KE 9, Spr/48
8	Captain Marvel Jr.	the Wreckers, specialists in catastrophe
		"The Wreckers" Master 88, Feb/48
6	Mary Marvel	magic shoes
		"MM and the Flying Shoes" MM 25, June/48
12	Sub-Mariner	old vaudeville star, Gay 90s bandits
10	as Human Torch	"Gay Nineties Gamble" HT 30, May/48
12	Moon Girl	invaders from Venus
		"Invaders from Venus" MG 1, Fall/47
12	Doll Man	a million dollars apiece to 3 strangers
		"Millions for Murder" DM 16, Spr/48
6	Ibis	Holocaust—god who causes destruction
		"Holocaust—God of Destruction" Whiz 95, Mar/48
7	Human Torch	elephant's burial ground
		"Tusks of Terror" Capt America 66, Apr/48
12	Moon Girl	Satana, queen of the underworld
		"Satana, Queen of the Underworld" MG 1, Fall/47
9	Captain Marvel	Sivana meets Minerva
		"Sivana Meets Minerva" CM Advs 82, Mar/48
14	Kid Eternity	paintings come to life
		"Skir" KE 9, Spr/48
12	Moon Girl	smuggler's cove & a sunken U.S. navy sub
		"Smuggler's Cove" MG 1, Fall/47
7	Captain Marvel	the medieval demon
		"The Medieval Demon" CM Advs 82, Mar/48

Gold Key Star Trek Writers

In the second issue of The Monster Times (Feb/72), Len Wein listed his writing credits on Gold Key's Star Trek, mentioning that the writer before him was Dick Wood. The list included all the stories Wein had submitted, even if some hadn't been published yet; all soon were. Wood wrote #1-8, Wein #9-16. Gold Key started running credits with #47. This list gives the writers of #17-46, going by their styles.

The Comic Reader 96 (Apr/73) says that John Warner "...reports doing...some Star Trek stories with some rather familiar people cameoing." Two crewmen in ST 21 are named Levitz and Asherman, after Paul Levitz, then the publisher of TCR, and Allan Asherman, new to DC's editorial staff (and later author of The Star Trek Compendium).

To repeat the gist of an earlier post, #22's "Siege in Superspace" is a sequel to two credited Boudreau science fiction war back-ups in DC's Star Spangled War Stories. The panel above, with 23rd century starship captain Kirk ignorant of black holes (standing in for the 1974 reader about to get some exposition), is from that story.

Gold Key Star Trek Writers

Mar/73	#17	The Cosmic Cavemen	Arnold Drake
May/73	#18	The Hijacked Planet	Drake
July/73	#19	The Haunted Asteroid	Drake
Sep/73	#20	A World Gone Mad	Drake
Nov/73	#21	The Mummies of Heitius VII	John David Warner
Jan/74	#22	Siege in Superspace	Gerry Boudreau
Mar/74	#23	Child's Play	Boudreau
May/74	#24	The Trial of Captain Kirk	Drake
July/74	#25	Dwarf Planet	Drake
Sep/74	#26	The Perfect Dream	Warner
Nov/74	#27	Ice Journey	Warner
Jan/75	#28	The Mimicking Menace	George Kashdan
Mar/75	#29	[reprints #1]	[Dick Wood]
May/75	#30	Death of a Star	Allan Moniz
July/75	#31	The Final Truth	Warner
Aug/75	#32	The Animal People	Drake
Sep/75	#33	The Choice	Moniz
Oct/75	#34	The PsychoCrystals	Drake
Nov/75	#35	[reprints #4]	[Wood]
Mar/76	#36	A Bomb in Time	Drake
May/76	#37	[reprints #5]	[Wood]
July/76	#38	One of Our Captains Is Missing	Drake
Aug/76	#39	Prophet of Peace	Drake
Sep/76	#40	Furlough to Fury	Drake
Nov/76	#41	The Evictors	Drake
Jan/77	#42	World against Time	Drake
Feb/77	#43	The World beneath the Waves	Drake
May/77	#44	Prince Traitor	Drake
July/77	#45	[reprints #7]	[Wood]
Aug/77	#46	Mr. Oracle	Drake

Drake, Kashdan, and Warner continued writing, with credit lines, from #47 to 61. The Gold Key run lasted, by cover date, from July/67 to Mar/79.

Woolfolk Records 1947/06

Quality, Fawcett, and EC bought this month's stories, although EC cancelled Land of the Lost and Animal Fables before they could print these ones. I believe the LOTL one was drawn and the art exists.

June 1947 Comic Book Scripts by William Woolfolk

14 pg	Doll Man	joins the underworld
		"DM Joins the Underworld" DM 16, Spr/48
7	Mary Marvel	triton in the tunnel
		"The Triton and the Tunnel" Marvel Family 19, Jan/48
8	Land of the Lost	Red Lantern's wedding
		[unpublished]
9	Freddy Firefly	Dr. Sleepy new building
		[unpublished]
2	Danny Demon	crime student robs teacher
		[unpublished]
9	Captain Marvel	Marvel Family feud
	as Marvel Family	"The Marvel Family Feud" MF 20, Feb/48
7	Ibis	the gargoyle menace
		"Gargoyle Menace" Whiz 94, Feb/48
13	Kid Eternity	man who lived a million years
		"The Man Who Lived a Million Years" Hit 52, May/48
9	Captain Marvel	Mr. Atom and the comet men
		"Mr. Atom and the Comet Men" CM Advs 81, Feb/48
8	Captain Marvel	the lottery tickets murder
		"Lottery of Death" CM Advs 81, Feb/48

The Unknown Star Trek Artist

After Nevio Zeccara drew the first two issues of Gold Key's Star Trek, Alberto Giolitti took over the art. The studio artists who helped him include Massimo Belardinelli, Giorgio Cambiotti, Mario Pedrazzi, Giovanni Ticci, and Angelo Todaro. I can't tell how much the studio artists contributed, although I think I see different finishes on different issues; the inks on #28 are pretty sparse. Saying that Giolitti pencilled a run of issues and Ticci inked them seems oversimplification to me.

The GCD's attributions of some Giolitti issues' inks to Sal Trapani or Alden McWilliams I'd call mistaken. McWilliams took over as regular artist with #40, after doing #38.

The first nine issues used photo covers; then George Wilson provided paintings for most of the rest, with a number of exceptions. #60 and 61 were line drawings by Mike Roy, and working backwards with an eye on his style (such as in Kirk's face), I'd credit him with the painting on #59, and possibly the cover paintings on #47, 48, and 58. There are covers by other artists as well.

#39 is the issue with the forgotten artist. It contains a mixture of his art and the Giolitti studio's, but I think this page flashing back to the Twentieth Century is all his pencils.

The officer in the first panel and the girl on the left of the third are the most obviously José Delbo's.

As far as I can tell, Delbo in the U.S.A. drew everything but the Enterprise crew figures; Giolitti and company in Italy supplied most of those (and all the inks?). On this next page, Spock and Kirk are Giolitti's, but the other figures are, I think, Delbo's pencils.

I may be off on just how the work was divided, but definitely Delbo contributed to Star Trek 39.

In #36 as well, I think I see some Delbo figures here and there, but they're nowhere near as obvious as in 39.

#39's story was written by Arnold Drake; I'll list the uncredited GK ST writers next week.

Woolfolk Records 1947/05

Fawcett, Timely, Quality, and EC bought this month's stories.

The Greek god of mischief in "Skullface" is a statue named Eloc, although Jack Cole neither wrote nor drew this story.

Tales of Terror! by Fred von Bernewitz and Grant Geissman says of Moon Girl that "in a 1955 interview, Bill Gaines recalled that Dorothy Rubichek wrote the earliest stories. Rubichek, incidentally, was the wife of long-time Gaines friend William Woolfolk." (The correct spelling is Roubichek.) Moral: approach publishers' and editors' recollections with caution!

Tales of Terror! credits the Land of the Lost story's author as Isabel Manning Hewson. As creator of the radio show, she got a byline on all the stories, like Bob Kane on Batman.

Where did the Blonde Phantom story appear, if it was cut from 12 pages and published after all?

May 1947 Comic Book Scripts by William Woolfolk

7 pg	Mary Marvel	her first boy friend
		"MM and the Boy Matador" Marvel Family 18, Dec/47
12	Captain America	the Jester
		"The Menace of Mirth" CA 65, Jan/48
11	Doll Man	Darrel Dane, private dick
		"Darrel Dane, Private Detective" Feature 120, Mar/48
6	Ibis	sword of Genghis Khan
		"The Sword of Genghis Khan" Whiz 93, Jan/48
12	Captain America	splits with Bucky
		"When Friends Turn Foes" CA 65, Jan/48
7	Captain Marvel	inferiority complex
		"CM's Inferiority Complex" CM Advs 80, Jan/48
12	Blonde Phantom	innocent girl in gambling racket
		[unpublished?]
11	Doll Man	the Hag's gun running
		"The Hag" Feature 121, Apr/48
6	Hector the Inspector	haunted house
		[unpublished]
8	Land of the Lost	animated pencils
		"The Pencilvania Pirates" LOTL 9, Spr/48
7	Captain Marvel	meets the weatherman
		"The Weathermen" CM Advs 80, Jan/48
15	Plastic Man	Skullface & Greek god of mischief
		"Skullface" Police 77, Apr/48
12	Sub-Mariner	lost atoll of treasure
		"The Lost Atoll" Marvel Mystery 87, Aug/48
8	Moon Girl	champion lady wrestler
		"Introducing MG and the Prince" MG 1, Fall/47
		also in Happy Houlihans 1, Fall/47 and Animal Fables 7, Nov-Dec/47
9	Captain Marvel Jr.	magic ladder
		"The Magic Ladder" CMJ 57, Jan/48

"Till Death Do Us Part" and the Code

As long as I mentioned "Till Death Do Us Part" from Journey into Mystery 15 (Apr/54—pre-Code) and its reprinting in Vault of Evil 4 (Aug/73—under the Comics Code), I wanted to show the art changes demanded by the Code Authority.

There were none.

That is, there were no art changes—but there were changes. Once the captions on this one tier no longer actually described the art, the Code Authority approved.

Personally, I think the new coloring in the car panel is more emphatic about the violence than the original coloring.

The Comics Code must have been pretty tedious to work under—because it wasn't actually codified. There was a list of prohibitions, but the kicker at the end of the list pretty much read, "Oh, and whatever we at the Code feel doesn't measure up to the spirit of the Code." If you wrote or drew or edited with the list of bullet points tacked up over your desk, you still had no idea if your work would get to the printers without arbitrary alterations.

Certainly there was some dreck before the Code, and some really awful dreck outside it and after it. But how many of Dr. Wertham's preteen serial killers did this relettering save us from?